What was there before the Planck time? A possible Unified Theory Origin of the Universe and the unification of forces. (
from the book and Grishka Igor Bogdanov: "Before the Big Bang" - The Origin of the Universe - - Ed Longanesi - 2008 )
Part One
If we accept that the entire cosmos can be traced to a series of laws, constants, topological invariance, then you can take the same way the idea that the source itself Mathematics of the Universe has an essence. By this we mean that the underlying physical reality (the one we perceive with our senses) there is another reality: that the algebraic essence consists of information, contained information - encoded - at zero. Something that bears the image of an order, the highest of all currently known symmetries in physics. Already in 1998 the physicist John Wheeler said: "Today I adopted a new vision of the world, according to which everything is information." And maybe that's why the eyes of the physicist Neil Turok, one of the closest collaborators of the famous mathematician and physicist Stephen Hawking, "the entire universe has blossomed beautifully by a single formula." Just as there is a "genetic code" at the origin of living things, we could not imagine that there is a mathematical code "at the origin of the entire universe? The specialists of number theory have recently discovered the "numbers universe." It is transcendental numbers, endless, which contain all combinations conceivable figures. These mathematicians are almost certain that π is a number universe. It is possible that the entire universe is encoded in a single transcendental number? A "number universe"? If there is such a code, it is hidden in the zero. And if the universe around us (and to which we belong) makes sense, then it is because it contains within itself, from the outset, information is incredibly complex, non-physical essence that processes it, it directs and produces the . If the signature of space-time is subject to quantum fluctuations, then the unification of four forces occurs in the mathematical object that describes the fluctuation. To describe the universe before the Big Bang, and reaching the zero point, simply insert one extra dimension. is in this space that occurred in 5 dimensions, before the Big Bang, the very first stage of the universe: an expansion which is inscribed in the curve of a logarithmic spiral that mathematicians call the "golden spiral . The Singularity is not the most violent places in the universe. At Ground Zero, it all comes back surprisingly "quiet" quantum calms the storm, and with it the fluctuations of space and time. What emerges is a new reality, motionless, totally ordered, pure mathematics. And so we brought back all'invarianza topological entities mathematics very specifically to the origin of all that has been called "Index of Singularity." It shows us that Instant Zero is not available in real time, but in a new dimension which is defined in physics, imaginary time (ie a time that is measured with imaginary numbers). In the prehistory of the universe before the Big Bang, the signature of the metric has gone through a phase of primordial fluctuations and the Planck scale real-time changes in imaginary time. The number 4 seems to occupy a special place in nature. Fact, there are four - and only four - the physical forces in the universe. Similarly, there are only four fields and four stable particles in the world of atoms. From the point of view, simple arithmetic, there are in nature, in all respects, only four sets of numbers: the natural integers, rational numbers (ie fractions) and finally the irrational numbers (which, as the number π, are not complete and can not be written as a fraction). When combined, these three sets of numbers form a most complete family, called the real numbers. The image that we use to represent them is the most simple: a straight, continuous on every point which is called the real line and denoted by the letter R. But there is a fourth family is completely different from the other three: the of imaginary numbers. Their squares are negative real numbers and can also be represented by a straight line: the imaginary line, perpendicular to the real line. The two form the complex plane. The simplicity of the size of the planet rests on this: with the three families of real numbers we get the three directions of space, with the family of imaginary numbers here that we have the time (remember that Poincaré showed that we can actually measure the time only using imaginary numbers). The set of real numbers is made by the union of three sets: the integers, the rational and the irrational. It is thus four different sets of real numbers: if you add the pure imaginary, we have five basic sets of numbers. From a physical point of view was discovered there at the Planck scale - in addition to the dimension of time - a new dimension, a fourth dimension of space, of infinite length, resulting from the rotation of the coordinate of time on its axis (this rotation is known in physics Wick rotation). What was discovered is that, because of the enormous quantum fluctuations applied to the existing curvature Planck time, the direction at that time not so long ago was still stable but fluctuated (swinging, turning on itself) in one direction new, a fifth dimension. This reaffirms once again that space-time primordial at the Planck scale consisted of three life-size (ordinary physical space) and other two dimensions (the real-time and imaginary time) together in one complex dimension (the complex time ). We find this same building with the numbers, because the three basic sets of real numbers (integers, rational and irrational) are, strictly speaking, also supplemented by the real and pure imaginary united in so-called complex numbers, which are the numbers who, alone, can afford to "measure" the time when waves, ie when it becomes complex. To conclude, combining the five basic sets of which we have just discussed, we get what mathematicians consider today the most beautiful math equation of all: it is the Euler formula: e ^ iπ + 1 = 0. According to the famous American physicist Richard Feynmann is "the most remarkable formula in all mathematics." Its strength is that it brings together in a unique, ideal, the five fundamental mathematical constants of the universe, and the five-dimensional space of numbers. What shape is the universe? The hypothesis of this research led to that of a sphere in three dimensions (the interior put into effect the fourth dimension). The topology of space-time must necessarily be finite and spherical. Hence the conclusion is easy to grasp: we live in (and not "above") the three-dimensional surface of the sphere. The cosmic expansion can be conceived as the swelling of this sphere in three dimensions (which is not so much that the edge of space-time) along a cone in three dimensions, too: the famous "light cone" proposed by Einstein. The temporal direction, perpendicular to the surface, then is necessarily inside the sphere, which represents the radius, a radius that increases each time due to expansion. If the scale of Planck time becomes unstable (ie "floating") the cause is the action of an energy, an elemental force (actually, a scalar field, which in physics is called "dilaton"). Today, however, this "dark energy" is the trace of that elusive primordial field, near the origin, did fluctuate over time. It is interesting to note the following "coincidences". The volume of the Universe is equal to 10 to the eightieth = (10 ^ 40) ^ 2 m ^ 3. The same figure was found when measuring the number of elementary particles that make up the entire cosmos: the eightieth 10 = (10 ^ 40) ^ 2. The total mass of the universe is about 10 ^ 40 tons. The cosmological horizon is 14 billion light-years, ie 10 ^ 40 times the radius of the proton. The intensity ratio between the electromagnetic force and the force of gravity is still 10 ^ 40. Finally, the age of the universe: 10 ^ 40 times as long as a ray of light takes to cross a proton. Dirac and Eddington were nothing short of "baffled" by using the number "dimensionless" 10 ^ 40! The gravity affects the passage of time. Lorentz and Einstein showed that when the velocity of an object - and therefore its gravitational potential - increases, its time slows down. If we accept that in a quantum speed of objects may exceed the threshold of light, then the direction of time becomes imaginary (which would inevitably change the scoring and leads to the possibility fluctuation). Just as the space curve, severity "curve" time too. And the Planck scale, its action is so strong that the contract on a real-time, until it becomes, the scale zero, pure imaginary. At the Planck scale, the sample size on which rests our reality begins to "float" and to deform before breaking up, at random, in a huge flux quantum. What does that mean exactly the phrase, the metric fluctuates at the Planck scale? Simply, that 15 billion years ago, at the Planck length, the metric that can measure the distance between two points is no longer fixed. At the Planck time, nothing is more stable. If the infinitely small, the metric fluctuates, because its main characteristic, namely the so-called signature, is expected to remain fixed? Given the fluctuation of curvature of the universe being born, at that time also the primordial signature floated. This means that near the beginning, time was not yet established but it was moving: vague, indefinite and fluctuating. Faced with these unpredictable temporal shifts, we must admit that as long as we know it - the real-time - can suddenly turn into something else and become imaginary. The direction of imaginary time is similar to the other three directions of space already exist. During these phenomenal quantum fluctuations, the time is thus transformed into a space before you change again and become again the dimension of time. These incredible events have thus verified the Planck time, about 14 billion years ago. Poincaré showed that the early twentieth century when the usual time (physical time real) rotates 90 ° in the complex, becomes "pure imagination". We can therefore understand that the imaginary time and space are very similar. In this case, the sign "-" which is usually found in front of the time coordinate becomes "+". The signature takes the form of "Euclidean" characterized by four directions of space (++++). This is precisely the Euclidean metric we use to describe the scale zero, the initial singularity of spacetime. To describe these events must use entirely new mathematical tools: the "quantum groups", Algebraic extraordinary institutions since 1986, have made their appearance in the family of "deformed algebras. Why should I use this algebraic deformations? For a simple basic reason: the approach of the initial singularity of space-time structures are themselves profoundly changed - deformed - by the enormous gravitational field that surrounds the source. Let's see what a group of symmetry. Take a normal ball and let's turn on itself: this rotation is not "deform" the ball. In mathematical language, it is said then that its symmetry is preserved under the action of the rotation group. This symmetry group is the so-called three-dimensional Lie group and we write SO (3), ie "orthogonal symmetry of dimension 3. Now, we add time to our ordinary space in three dimensions. Thus there is a dimension. The new symmetry group, one that preserves the symmetries not only in space but in space-time, do not you write more then SO (3) but SO (3,1), where 3 refers to three directions of space and a direction of time. This group, the Lorentz group, clearly distinguishes the three directions of space from that time. Any transformation that preserves the time-space orientation between the space and time. If we rotate the ball on himself, not only it does not deform (rotational symmetry), but preserves, too, the distinction between the space occupied by the balloon and the time in which it "lives". Although it continues to turn in on itself, our ball does not jump an hour (or second) in the future (or past). At the Planck scale, everything starts to float. Large space-time symmetries are therefore more conservative. Deforming, ie bringing quantum scale, the Lorentz group, that is, if you make the "quantum" the group that describes space-time, then the distinction between time and space has ceased and ends with the disappearance. We say in more precise terms that the Lorentz group SO (3.1) once "deformed" begins to look like a new group of symmetry, which is no longer any difference between time and space: it is the "group Euclidean, "you write SO (4), where 4 indicates the four directions of space. There is therefore a "q-deformation" ("q" stands for quantum) of Lorentzian signature at the Planck scale. In the four-dimensional spacetime, the only natural as possible signatures at the Planck scale are the Lorentzian signature (+ + + -) and Euclidian (++++). The only possible metric at the Planck scale is reduced in all respects to two families: the Lorentzian metrics in real time and the Euclidean metric in imaginary time. The reasoning of the research up to this point, is constructed in three phases. Half time: space-time at the Planck scale is "warped" by the quantum fluctuations which have been referred to the scale. Second: in this case, the main feature of this space-time, namely the metric (which is used to measure the distance between points), is also "distorted" and waves. Third time: if the metric fluctuates, then its main property (the so-called signature, which distinguishes time from space) must necessarily fluctuate in turn. In its primitive phase, the universe must have been rising globally, "in thermal equilibrium." If the Planck scale the pre-space-time was in balance, then had to be located in a very special physical state, called the "state of KMS (Kubo, Martin, Schwinger)": a condition that dominated the early moments of the universe emerging . What is the status of KMS? The KMS condition is fundamental in quantum theory. It allows to fully characterize the equilibrium states thermal system. The KMS condition establishes a relationship between the natural evolution of the time - which is subject to the Lorentzian metric (+ + + -) - and the state of equilibrium, which is subject to the Euclidean metric (++++). And this brings us to a very simple metric "overlay" (+++±), ie to a time that involves a complex real direction and one direction purely imaginary. The KMS condition is simply this: Through the relationship established between equilibrium and evolution of the system necessarily leads to a complex time, the same that ruled the "world" at the Planck scale. The idea introduced unconventional in theory we are describing, is that at high temperatures the system of Yang-Mills wave suppressed in the fourth dimension, assuming a value of either kind of time and / or gender space. In other words, the surface three-dimensional space is thus two possible extensions within which there is a fluctuation: the usual physical space-time Lorentz (3 +1) dimensions with a floating four-dimensional Euclidean space. Regarding the idea of \u200b\u200bthe fifth dimension, as it should be noted in December 1999 was published an article signed memorable by theoretical physicists Lisa Randall and Raman Sundrum, which is evidence that our three-dimensional space is surrounded by five dimensions. In this thesis, There are four spatial dimensions and one time dimension that we can perceive, but there is also an extra spatial dimension, which we do not perceive. According to this model, in our space-time there is a fifth dimension, a dimension of infinite space in which gravity propagates (which explains, inter alia, because the force of gravity is much weaker than the other three forces of 'universe). The Randall-Sundrum theory is based strictly on the same idea of \u200b\u200bthe thesis that we are dealing with: that of a fifth dimension that ensures the unity of our world. If there were really that size would allow to understand the phenomena so far unexplained, for example the huge difference between gravity and the other three. Or the mysterious "tunnel effect", ie "instant jump", without any transition, the particles from one point in spacetime. A fifth dimension leads directly into a new type of Big Bang, Big Bang a cold that took place before the Board of Planck, and so before the hot Big Bang as we know it. Why cold? Because it describes the first phase of expansion that is not physical, that did not take place in real time but in time: a phenomenon which necessarily implies the existence of an extra dimension (that of imaginary time). Result? The cosmos "before" the Big Bang has four, but five dimensions. The KMS condition ideally realizes the transition, the transition between the information contained in a system (in the pure state of equilibrium) energy of this same system. The one - information - evolve in purely imaginary time while the other - the energy - evolve in real time. And both are unified within the KMS condition. But of course, in this case, the evolution of pre-quantum space-time scale to be considered is characterized by the transfer information and energy. And the fluctuation of the signature appears to be the very thing that makes this incredible transfer. In the case corresponding to zero-scale (where the KMS states are having a track) need to be a factor of type II, which is entirely correct. Consequently, the zero-scale, space-time is a topological state and its "dynamic" is Euclidean. It must therefore be concluded that the evolution of the universe at time zero (the Big Bang cold) are held in imaginary time, not in real time. Is the Planck time, at this moment unthinkable 10 ^ -43 seconds after time 0, which makes its appearance in the physical universe. Physicists are able to track up to 10 ^ -43 seconds, and no further. Here are confronted with the so-called "Planck's Wall." Obstacles? First, the wall temperature: 10 ^ 32 degrees. According to the wall: that of energy, equal to 10 ^ 19 gigaelettronvolt. In the 10 ^ 19 GeV is so colossal energy: the energy of the entire universe. This energy has immense curved universe at the beginning of everything, like a huge iron bar bent, twisted, pressed up to the Planck length (10 ^ -33 cm). At a time when the universe was compressed to the size of a centimeter cube weighing over 10 ^ 75 tonnes. And here we are looking to the third wall, the infinitely small: 10 ^ -33 cm. At the time of Planck's Wall, the ordinary time has just begun, and every tiny village of second, there would seem long billions of years of "our" time. Why is the Planck time, compared to a second, is a billion billion billion times smaller than is the duration of a flash from the entire history of the universe. In other words, the time in a universe dominated by cyclical fluctuations would seem endless. For example, if we measure one nanometer, or one billionth of a meter, a second would take our over thirty years. At a thousandth of a nanometer, the duration of a second would be thirty thousand years. And the size of a hydrogen atom, the same stretch in the second one to over thirty million years. It is therefore clear that a billion orders of magnitude lower, ie at the Planck scale, time seems to literally immobile. As is minuscule, the Planck wall still surrounds the entire universe. From a height of 10 ^ -33 cm, everywhere in the cosmos, we find him. If the "wall" is ubiquitous despite its smallness, it is because it is built with the three fundamental constants of nature: the gravitational constant, the speed of light and Planck's constant (the tiny "grain" of energy possible.) The formula is as follows: the square of the Planck length is equal to the product of the gravitational constant for the Planck's constant divided by the cube of the speed of light. The era of Planck is based on exactly the same formula, the only difference being that the speed of light is not high, but the cube to the fifth power. When we reach the unimaginable length of 10 ^ -33 cm, the fabric of space-time tears and becomes discontinuous: those who are mathematicians, physicists call the "vanishing cycles. At the moment they are born, the universe has an age equal to a tiny fraction of a second (10 ^ -43 seconds) and, similarly, has nonzero size (10 ^ -33 cm). At that moment, therefore, the horizon radius around any point boundary the maximum proportion of the visible universe by an observer. In this case, this radius is necessarily equal to the Planck length (10 ^ -33 cm), distance traveled by light during the Planck time (10 ^ -43 seconds). And since the radius of the horizon must of course be the same in all directions, the space is an observable three-dimensional sphere whose volume is equal to roughly π multiplied by 10 ^ -99 cubic centimeters. It is what is called "Planck volume." At the time of its birth, the universe - which is only pure energy - weighs 22 micrograms, then the sphere of Planck weighs 22 micrograms. The ball is very "solid": is a bubble of primitive energy of 10 ^ 19 gigaelettronvolt, the Planck energy. And his "resistance" is equal to what we call the Planck force, ie 10 ^ 40 tons. Evidently, a lot of incredible strength corresponds to vibrational frequency that is called the Planck frequency: 10 ^ 43 hertz. When the radius of the universe is equal to the distance of Planck, the four forces are merged into one. At this scale the universe is in an extraordinary state: the state of KMS, and it was amazing the weather fluctuates between real time and imaginary time. This has an important consequence: it becomes possible to realize the unification of the four forces of the universe. The unification achieved between the metrics in real time and imaginary time metrics contains exactly the symmetry of external (gravity), and the three internal symmetries (electromagnetism, strong force and weak force). This state bears the image of another symmetry, even more profound as its predecessor: a symmetry between the energy content of spacetime and its contents into information. KMS must therefore interpret the state as a transition between the encoded information to the zero-scale energy that appears at the Planck scale. The sphere is a sphere of Planck dimensions to three, whose interior is deformed continuously. The sphere is a "hypersphere" whose surface is in contact with the so-called "Elsewhere" of general relativity, ovverossia nothing. Outside the sphere, the space-time does not exist. To find "something" we must go inside dell'ipersuperficie, which has three dimensions: that we highlight in its surface. This surface has a thickness: these are the three dimensions of ordinary space. Its volume is 2π ^ 2R ^ 3. At the Planck scale, the volume of the surface of the 3-sphere of Planck is the order of 10 ^ -99 cubic centimeters. We can then "walk" everywhere on the surface of the sphere, but we can never go into it: it boils down to a "hybrid" between the Lorentzian and Euclidean geometry. Planck's Wall is subject to the forces of quantum fluctuation. This means that the direction of time in the ball swinging, floating, between the temporal direction and a fourth spatial direction. Why are these phenomena? Because just like matter and energy, space and time themselves come to be subject to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. According to this principle, it is impossible, in the infinitely small, simultaneously determine the position of a particle in space and its speed. There is therefore, around any quantum event, a sort of irreducible blur. At this scale, originating in the universe takes the form of a seething ocean, continually crossed by random disturbances, spikes and distortions such that the usual notions of high and low, right and left, before and after mix , break up and end up losing all meaning. In this area of \u200b\u200bPlanck, the photons are inextricably linked to other particles, especially those of the gravitational fields (called gravitons). We notice immediately that the ordinary particles do not exist anymore. In their place, perhaps we could perceive those strands that cross the hypersurface from side to side, the so-called strings of the Planck length, in perpetual vibration. These strings appear, intersect and disappear suddenly hidden by countless blacks holes in the membrane is chaotically scattered primitive. In the space where we are, we can see changes in scale, abrupt and unforeseeable, caused by the oscillation of the metric. The "substance" of this early universe, the membrane, using an expression adopted in string theory, is made up of objects that express only the geometry of the universe baby. This geometry is itself conditioned by the metric, which is the "brick" used to build the universe in Planck time. There is still nothing, except the four forces merged. Only by accepting a change of metric becomes possible to understand what happens to the quantum scale. Because the Planck scale, two phenomena strongly disturb this metric: the first is the enormous gravity, and the second one is the famous uncertainty principle that puts everything that exists there. The results "relativistic" of such research at the Planck scale - including support before a jury of string theorists - materialize an unexpected link between the curvature of space-time and the signature of the metric. When the curvature is low, that is, when spacetime is almost flat, the goal the metric is simply divided among three "+" signs for the spatial coordinates, and a "-" for the coordinate of time. At the Planck scale curvature becomes huge: the intense curvature distorts even time. At the Planck curvature, the metric becomes Euclidean - in other words, time becomes pure imaginary. We start from the Lorentz formula, whereby the velocity of a moving body increases, its relative time slows down. When this speed reaches (ideally) of light, time on the moving body freezes completely: the time has stopped "flow". What happens when the speed exceeds the limit of light? The weather on the body becomes pure imaginary. This calculation is based on the hypothesis of tachyons, hypothetical particles of physics that will always travel faster than light. At the Planck scale the speed of light, because of quantum fluctuations, from one point in the nascent universe, sometimes fluctuates below and sometimes even far above, "our" speed of light. The consequences are absolutely inevitable: the weather around this region becomes pure imaginary, and hence the metric becomes Euclidean. At this scale, the cone of light is itself subject to quantum fluctuations which deform the shell. "Beyond below "the Planck scale the cone begins to evaporate. This means that the speed of light waves. As a result, locally, from one point to another, the metric can oscillate and become Euclidean. The "wall" that we could also call the Planck horizon, between the world before the Big Bang from the rest of the universe. Going beyond this horizon, we began to feel distinctly fluctuations gradually stronger than the fabric of space-time. In particular, subiremmo repulsive effects of the tide. Indeed, the initial singularity is what mathematics is called "repulsive point, far from dismissing it not only energy, but the very structure of space. When we reach the Planck scale, space dissolves into a sort of "quantum foam." The findings on the "float time" begin to tell us what is in that void, something that could be likened to a sort of "wild ocean." At this scale, the quantum deep ocean is huge: the bottom (ie the scale 0) is at a distance, as it's over, it seems in a sense infinite trillions of light years. The interesting thing is that the expansion that you can go from zero-scale at the Planck scale is logarithmic. In other words, the universe's expansion before the Big Bang follows a logarithmic spiral in which mathematics is called the "golden spiral . It is also interesting to note that 43, then the exponent of the "Planck time" 10 ^ -43, is the sum of the following powers of phi: 0.2229 + 7.8541 + 10.4721 + 12.7082 + 11 7446 = 43 ≈ 43.0019. (In fact, if we approximate to two decimal places we get: 0.22 + 7.85 + 10:47 + 11.75 + 12.71 = 43). Mathematicians have shown that even if an infinite number of times we turned around at Ground Zero, the distance traveled is over. This explains that even though the Ground Zero seems to be at an infinite distance from the "Wall of Planck", you can still reach it. The ocean is a quantum unstable environment in five dimensions: the size of the fluctuations of the extra picks fourth coordinate, which becomes alternately coordinated gender space and / or gender time. This "ocean" in five dimensions is made of the primordial substance that dominated at the time of Planck metrics free, extreme support of space and time. What are these metrics? In fact, we must see them as "atoms" metrics are "atoms" of space or time. There are only two classes: first, the "monopolies" (magnetic or gravitational charges which have not two, but only one pole) that are in the space-time and whose signature is (+ + + -), but also so-called "instantons", whose signature is Euclidean (++++). Contrary to monopolies, which have an energy, instantons contain only "information". They are compact (closed), with high symmetry and totally static. The information that is contained in the one carrying the mathematical physics called "topological charge". You meet them only in the elsewhere (ie, on the other side of the cone of light). It was noted that there exists in 4 dimensions, a relation of "duality" between monopoles and instantons. Close to the Wall Planck, is to dominate the action (or energy) of monopolies, time "flows" and it is real. In contrast, around Ground Zero, to get the better is the action of the Euclidean instanton, time ceases to flow and becomes imaginary. The more we go in depth in the 'quantum ocean, most of the space metric becomes "agitated." Due to the fluctuations of the curvature of space primal, monopolies become instantons before returning to be monopolies, the metric starts to fluctuate between two configurations. Then, as we move toward the "abyss", the vortices (eddies) are more quantum impressive: halfway between the surface (the Planck scale) and bottom (scale zero), very violent fluctuations open immense gravitational quantum vortices in the ocean, in which "collapse" instantons and monopoles in a swirling current that oscillates between energy and information. In the middle of this frightening "storm" primordial waves degenerate metrics go into space to mix monopolies and instantons in a "quantum foam" in which information becomes energy. This remarkable passage between information and energy is paramount, after all, linked to the transformation of the imaginary time in real time. All this took place far away in the age when the universe was undergoing primal in its entirety, the supersymmetry of the KMS condition. There, in the heart of the ocean quantum instantons and monopoles were equal numbers of Lorentzian and Euclidean metrics were completely overlapping. This area of \u200b\u200boverlap was a complex space in five dimensions, whose fourth coordinate (depending on the fluctuations of the curvature) was transformed either in real time (Lorentz) and / or pure imaginary time (Euclidean). There was therefore a time when the flashes of energy were nothing but clouds of information. Then gradually that it is pushed towards zero, towards the bottom end of our ocean, the fluctuations gradually lose intensity. Gradually, the instantons become more stable, they cease to become monopolies so that, when finally we get to the bottom, there is only a few rare monopole: the Euclidean instantons dominate the entire landscape. And here, when we finally zero in view of the scale, we discover something amazing: all instantons converge in a spiral (gold) to the Zero Point where they overlap, mingle and merge into a single instanton in four dimensions: ' singular gravitational instanton of zero size. What theoretical physicists call "topological charge density, for quell'istantone zero length is infinite. That configuration primordial at the same time infinitely simple and infinitely complex itself contains all the information of the entire universe, from zero to infinity. This is a purely topological object, which lives off the real time and which encompasses the entire evolution of the universe in imaginary time. These instantons have the form of a "ball" in four dimensions whose boundary consists of a sphere in three dimensions. In recent years, especially under the leadership of S. Hawking has been developed the model of "gravitational instantons", in which the force field considered is the supergravity (connected to string theory and M-Theory). This is the type of instanton which is considered in this research, namely instantons that could be implicated in the vicinity of the initial singularity of spacetime, when the intensity of gravity was equivalent to that of the other three forces of the universe. The gravitational instantons can also be defined by their action. It comes in the form of a sum which he sees as addenda to the integral part (calculated in a four-dimensional space) of the square of the curvature of space-time pre-and on the other hand, what we call "topological charge configuration "(which, by definition, is an invariant). The first term, for which construction is finished, so far hence the intensity of the 'tunnel effect "characterizing the instanton. The instanton solution can be seen as a trajectory tunnel between two states of zero energy, separated by a barrier. In this sense, a gravitational instanton can instantly connect two points in space-time far away from each other, whatever their distance. The tunnel effect is very large (ie maximum) near the initial singularity, where the barrier between two points is at its maximum height because of the phenomenal amount of curvature. Then decreases as they are considered space-time scales of progressively larger (and thus less curvature strong), becoming practically nothing to the ordinary scales that characterize the world today (ie in flat spacetime). The second term, unlike the first, is independent of the spatial and temporal scales. This is the topological charge dell'istantone, which is related to the product of the curvature of space-time to its dual. It represents a global property of the configuration, completely independent of the scale (ie the size dell'istantone). This means that the topological charge is preserved throughout, even when the instanton reaches a zero length.
